Bae Systems Aircraft - The BAE Systems Hawk is a British single-engine advanced trainer aircraft. First launched in Dunsfold, Surrey in 1974 as the Hawker Siddeley Hawk, manufactured by its successors British Aerospace and BAE Systems. It serves as both a training capability and a low-cost combat aircraft.
Hawk operators include the Royal Air Force (mainly Red Arrows) and foreign military operators. The Hawk is still in production in the UK and licensed in India from HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited), with over 900 Hawks sold to 18 operators worldwide.
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In 1964, the Royal Air Force identified requirements (Air Staff Target, AST, 362) for a new high-speed jet trainer to replace the Folland Gnat. The SEPECAT Jaguar was originally designed for this role, but they soon realized the aircraft was too difficult for a rapid training aircraft, and only bought a few two-seater versions. Thus, in 1968 Hawker Siddeley Aviation (HSA) began work on a simple aircraft, initially Special Project (SP) 117. The design team was led by Ralph Hooper.
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The project was funded by the company as a private enterprise in anticipation of the RAF's potential benefits. The design was considered to have tandem seating and fighting capabilities in addition to training. This is because the latter is believed to boost export sales. In the 1970s the HSA issued recommendations to the Department of Defense and in the early 1970s the RAF published Air Staff Target (AST) 397 specifying requirements for 'new trainers of this type'. The RAF selected HS.1182 based on the requirements of 1 October 1971 and a major contract for 175 aircraft was awarded in March 1972.
The XX154 prototype aircraft first flew from Dunsfold on August 21, 1974 under the command of Kingston (HSA) Chief Pilot Duncan Simpson, reaching 20,000 feet in a 53-minute flight.
The first export Hawk 50 flew on 17 May 1976. It had a larger armament than the T.1.
RAF Red Arrows left the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo, Gland in colors commemorating its 50th anniversary.
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More variants of the Hawk followed, and standard improvements over the basic design generally included a larger and more powerful engine, a redesigned wing and undercarriage, the addition of rear radar and infrared, GPS navigation and night vision.
The latest models have been produced with great variety in terms of avionics and system adaptation, depending on the respective customer country. Cockpit features are often developed and planned as standard on operators' primary fighters to increase the Hawk's training value.
In 1981, the US Navy selected a variant of the Hawk as its trainer. Dubbed the McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk, the design was tailored for naval service and hardened to withstand direct operations from carrier bases in addition to ground missions.
This T-45 entered service in 1994. The first aircraft had analog cockpits, but later deliveries included digital glass cockpits. All aircraft are planned to have their avionics upgraded to standard standards.
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The Hawk's main competitor in export sales is the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet. Aviation expert John W. R. Taylor said, "What Europe should avoid is some kind of cost-cutting competition in the international market between hawker Sidley Hawk and Dassault-Breguet/Donnier Alpha Jet."
By early 1998, a total of 734 Hawks had been sold, with more than 550 sold to export customers.
Military customers often purchased the Hawk to replace older aircraft such as the BAC Strikemaster, Hawker Hunter and Douglas A-4 Skyhawk.
In the 1980s and 1990s, Hawker Siddeley's successor company, British Aerospace, worked to export the Panavia Tornado attack aircraft. However, countries such as Thailand and Indonesia that initially showed interest in the Tornado concluded that the Hawk was a more suitable and desirable aircraft for their requirements.
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Malaysia and Oman decided to cancel Tornado orders planned in the early 1990s and purchase Hawks instead.
Aviation writers Norman Polmar and Dana Bell have this to say about the Hawk:
On December 22, 2004, the Ministry of Defense awarded BAE Systems a contract to develop advanced models of the Hawk for the RAF and Royal Navy.
Hawk Mk. Also known as the Hawk T2, the 128 replaces the usual equipment in a glass cockpit to more closely resemble modern fighters such as the RAF's new flagship, the Eurofighter Typhoon. In October 2006, a £450 million contract was awarded for the production of 28 Hawk 128s.
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In July 2012, Australian Defense Minister Steph Smith confirmed that Australia's Hawk Mk 127 fleet would be upgraded to a design similar to the RAF's Hawk T2 as part of a major upgrade lifecycle.
The Hawk T2 was considered a competitor to the US Air Force's new T-X program for trainers.
However, in February 2015, Northrop Grumman abandoned the offer after deciding that Hawk's shortcomings made it incompatible with the program's requirements.
In May 2015, Indian aircraft manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL) announced that it was exploring the possibility of developing its own Hawk upgrades, including an armed light attack variant. The Indian Air Force, which is in the process of receiving a Hawks trainer built under license from HAL, is said to be interested in the proposed upgrade. HAL said it also aims to export fighter Hawks to other countries through BAE. Missile designers and manufacturers MBDA can offer ASRAAM and Brimstone missiles to combat new types of attacks.
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The Hawk is a forward two-seater trainer powered by a tandem cockpit, low cantilever wings and one turbofan. Unlike many earlier trainers in the RAF service, the Hawk was designed specifically for training purposes.
Hawker designed the aircraft to have high serviceability as well as lower purchase and operating costs than previous trainers such as the Jet Provost.
The design of the fuselage includes the height difference between the two seats in the cockpit. This provided a great level of visibility to teachers in the back seat.
Air is directed through intakes in the root of each forward wing to Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour gins mounted at the rear of the aircraft. During the development of the aircraft, Hawker worked closely with Rolls-Royce to reduce the engine's fuel consumption and ensure high reliability.
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During development, the Hawk variant was intended as a single-seat ground attack fighter. Both Coach and Fighter models were developed with the export market in mind.
The front area normally accommodating the pilot on the single-seat model has been replaced with an electronics bay for onboard avionics and systems, including a fire control computer, multi-mode radar, laser range finder and forward infrared (FLIR).
Some export customers, such as Malaysia, have extensively modified the aircraft, including the addition of hard wing tipping stations and in-flight fuel monitoring.
The Hawk is designed to be maneuverable and can reach Mach 0.88 in level flight and Mach 1.15 in dive, allowing trainees to experience transonic flight before moving on to a supersonic trainer.
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The airframe is very durable, strong and compresses up to +9g. Normal limits for RAF services are +7.5/-4 g.
The two hydraulic systems provide the power needed to operate systems such as the aircraft's flaps, brakes, and landing gear, along with the flight controls. A ram wind turbine is mounted in front of the single fin to provide hydraulic power for flight control in case of engine failure.
The Hawk is designed to carry vertical guns such as a 30mm AD cannon, two underwing pylons, and four hardpoints for weapons and equipment.
In RAF service, Hawks are equipped to operate Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. In the early 1990s, British Aerospace investigated the possibility of arming the Hawk with Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles for export customers.
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In 2016, BAE Systems developed a so-called 'Advanced Hawk' equipped with a new oblique wing, SS, additional armament, a head-mounted display, and a large display in the front cockpit.
A Hawk T.1A of the 234th Squadron armed with AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles and a 30mm main gun.
RAF Hawk Services entered RAF service in April 1976, replacing the Folland Gnat and Hawker Hunter for advanced training and weapons training. The Hawk T1 was the original version used by the RAF, with deliveries beginning in November 1976. The Hawk's most famous user is the Red Arrows aerobatic team, which adopted the aircraft in 1979.
From 1983 to 1986, some Hawks were converted to short-haul aircraft. 88 T1s modified to carry two AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missiles.
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